# ICSE Grade 9 - PHYSICS

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• ##### Measurements and Experimentation
Systems of unit and units in S.I. System: need of unit for measurement, System of units, units of length, mass and time, derived units, guidelines for writing the units
Measurement of length: least count of a measuring instrument, measurement of length, principle of Vernier, Vernier calipers, principle of a screw, screw gauge
Measurement of time and simple pendulum: measurement of time, oscillation, time period, frequency, amplitude, effective length of pendulum, seconds' pendulum
• ##### Motion in One Dimension
Term related to motion: Scalar and vector quantity, rest and motion, distance and displacement, speed and velocity, acceleration and retardation
Graphical representation of linear motion: displacement time graph, velocity time graph, acceleration time graph, motion under gravity
Equations of motion: equation of uniformly accelerated motion $v = u + at$, $S = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2$, $v^2 = u^2 + 2aS$
• ##### Laws of Motion
Contact and non-contact forces: force, contact forces, non-contact forces
Newton's first law of Motion and Inertia: newton's first law of motion, mass and inertia, kinds of inertia
Linear momentum and newton's second law of motion: Linear momentum, change in momentum, rate of change of momentum, newton's second law of motion, units of forces, newton's second law of motion in terms of rate of change of momentum
Newton's third law of motion: examples
Gravitation: universal law of gravitation, force and acceleration due to gravity, free fall, mass and weight
• ##### Pressure in Fluids and Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure in fluids and its transmission: thrust and pressure, pressure in fluids, pressure exerted by a liquid column, laws of liquid pressure and its consequences, transmission of pressure in liquid (Pascal's Law), application of Pascal's Law, principle, working and uses of hydraulic machines
Atmospheric pressure and its measurement: Atmospheric pressure, demonstration and common consequences of atmospheric pressure, measurement of atmospheric pressure, simple barometer, fortin barometer, aneroid barometer, variation of atmospheric pressure with altitude, weather forecast by the use of barometer, altimeter
• ##### Upthrust in Fluids, Archimedes, Principle and Floatation
Upthrust and Archimedes' principle : buoyancy and upthrust, characteristic properties of upthrust, reason for uothrust, weight of displaced liquid and its relation to upthrust
Archimedes' principle: Experimental verification, relation between density of solid body and floatation
Relative density and its measurement: density, relative density, determination of relative density of a solid and liquid by Archimedes' principle
Floatation: principle of floatation and its application, relation between densities of body and liquid with volume of body submerged
• ##### Heat and Energy
Heat and Temperature: heat as energy, temperature, thermal expansion, anomalous expansion of water and its consequences, Hope's experiment
Energy flow and its importance: Energy flow in an ecosystem, food chain, application of law of thermodynamics in energy flow
Energy Sources: Sources of energy, renewable(non-conventional sources), non-renewable(conventional sources), use of energy; production of electricity from solar, wind, water and nuclear energy; energy degradation
Green house effect and Global warming: green house effect, global warming, ways to reduce the impact of global warming
• ##### Reflection of Light
Laws of reflection and formation of image by a plane mirror: reflection of light, terms related to reflection, laws of reflection and experimental verification, formation of image by reflection; image of point, extended object formed by a plane mirror; position of image, lateral inversion, characteristics of image formed by a plane mirror
Images formed in a pair of mirrors: images in inclined mirrors, images in parallel mirrors, images in perpendicularly placed mirrors, uses of plane mirrors
Spherical mirrors, image formation and their uses: types of mirrors, term related to spherical mirrors, reflection of light ray from a spherical mirror, focus and focal length, convenient rays for the construction of image by ray diagram, ray diagram for formation of images in a concave and convex mirrors, relationship between focal length and radius of curvature, sign convention and formula for measurement in spherical mirror, uses of spherical mirror, difference between convex and concave mirror
• ##### Propagation of Sound Waves
Production and propagation of sound wave: sound, vibration, material medium, amplitude, time period, frequency, wavelength, wave velocity; relationship between wave, wave velocity, and frequency; speed of sound in different medium, factors affecting and not affecting the speed of sound in gas, comparison of speed of sound with speed of light, experimental verification of speed of sound in air
• ##### Current Electricity
Electric Current: Sources of direct current, rate of flow of electric charge, circuit diagrams and the symbol used in them, simple electric circuit, closed and open circuits
Potential difference and resistance: flow of electrons between the conductors, direction of electric current, work done in transferring charge in an electric wire, potential difference, electrical resistance, ohm's law, Efficient use of energy, social initiatives
• ##### Magnetism
Induced magnetism and neutral points: bar magnet, lines of a magnetic field, properties of magnetic field lines, magnetic field of earth, plotting of uniform magnetic field lines of earth, plotting of non-uniform magnetic field of a strong bar magnet and neutral points
Electromagnet and its uses: electromagnet, permanent magnet, comparison of a electromagnet with a permanent magnet, advantages of electromagnet over permanent magnet, uses of electromagnet